Hallucination
3 sourcesFabricated facts, invented citations, and ungrounded assertions. Measured against reference answers and retrievable evidence rather than fluency.
traceabilitycoherenceVeracityFactuality
Fabricated facts, invented citations, and ungrounded assertions. Measured against reference answers and retrievable evidence rather than fluency.
Representation and disparity across populations — where outputs diverge systematically by group rather than by evidence.
Harm and misuse surfaces: jailbreaks, prompt injection, and refusal behaviour under adversarial pressure.
Stability under distribution shift and perturbation. A credible system degrades predictably rather than silently.
Source reliability and evidence quality — whether a claim carries provenance a reader can follow back to origin.
Truthfulness, reasoning, and safety benchmarks, plus the contamination and versioning problems that make scores drift.